Operational Insights from the Largest Air Battle of 21st Century The skies over South Asia in May 2025 glowed like a live wire; buzzing with radar beams, contrails, and the silent hum of targeting computers locked in deadly games. Above the jagged silhouette of the Himalayas, where thin air turns sound brittle, two of Asia’s…
We are living in the age of infodemic, where information mixed with disinformation and misinformation spreads like a pandemic. A plethora of literature has been produced on the largest Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air battle between the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF) in early May 2025. Every author has attempted…
Exercised Options in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict Historical Echoes: When Doctrine Forged Machines Military doctrine is derived from three sources: Theory, Technology and History. These enablers play an interactive definitive role in developing ‘what we believe about best way to do things’ as per ‘Military Doctrine’ from Dennis Drew & Don Snow. Technology is a…
The Saudi-Pakistan Security Partnership On September 17, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia signed the Strategic Defence Mutual Agreement (SDMA). This development sent shockwaves across the globe as the agreement stipulates that “any aggression on either country shall be considered an aggression against both.” For decades, Riyadh has relied on Washington for security guarantees in exchange for…
Before the recent destruction, the 2022 floods in Pakistan were the most devastating in living memory. This was reflected in these grim numbers from the World Bank. GDP hit of around 2.2%, 8 million people displaced, around 9 million pushed below the poverty line, 33 million affectees, 1730 dead, direct loss of $14.9B and economic…
Pakistan navy’s story of valour and silent strength Ever since its inception, Pakistan Navy has stood as the silent sentinel of the Arabian Sea by protecting the nation’s maritime frontiers against visible and invisible threats. Its area of responsibility (AOR) spans a coastline of more than 1000 kilometres which extends deep into the North Arabian…
By Sachiko Murata and William C. Chittick “The Vision of Islam” authored by Dr. Sachiko Murata and Dr. William C. Chittack delves into the multifaceted aspects of Islam, including practice, faith, spirituality (Ishan), and the Islamic perspective on history, drawing from the teachings of the “Hadith of Gabriel”, which is based on summarized contents from…
The military history of Lahore has long been overlooked, often eclipsed by the city’s more vibrant cultural and literary reputation. Even in the present day, old Lahore is remembered more as a cultural, archaeological, and architectural amusement than as a former engine of war and defence. Few South Asian cities embody as long and layered…
Indian and Pakistani armies share a common history but the memory of that shared bond has faded away. Soldiers of British Indian army belonged to different religions and ethnicities, but all were proud to serve the profession of arms. They fought side by side as comrades all over the world and never imagined future hostilities…
Pakistan’s Untapped Strategic Resource Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) have emerged as strategic enablers of 21st-century technologies, underpinning renewable energy, advanced electronics, and defense systems. While China dominates the global extraction and refining industry, the United States is seeking to diversify supply chains through partnerships with alternative producers. Pakistan, endowed with significant yet untapped mineral…
